# CG's Chemistry Solutions

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## Posts

- [What is the correct order of bond angle for O-P-X in the given molecules?](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/what-is-the-correct-order-of-bond-angle-for-o-p-x-in-the-given-molecules/):   Solution: Bond angle is inversely proportional to electronegativity of substituents.   i.e., Electronegativity of side atom increase then the bond angle (X-P-X) decreases.   So, X-P-X or F-P-F bond angle is least in POF3. That’s why the O-P-F is maximum.     Hence, the correct order of bond angle for O-P-X in the given molecules is:   I > II > III > IV   Option 1 is correct.   Read More: Circle represents most basic atoms in these molecule. Which of the following is correct representation?
- [Acidic character of Haloform](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/acidic-character-of-haloform/): Tip: To know the acidic character of haloform, we have to look for the stability of conjugate base What is acidic character? Acidic character is the ability to or a tendency to lose a proton and form a stable conjugate base. Factor acidic character depends Acidic character of the acid depends upon the stability of conjugate base formed. Acid → Conjugate base + H+ Explanation of acidic character of haloform To identify the relative strength of the acidic character, we have to check the relative stability of their respective conjugate base formed after losing H+ ion. Conjugate base of CHF3, CHCl3, […]
- [Arrange the following in acidic character](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/acidic-character/): What is acidic character? Acidic character is the ability to or a tendency to lose a proton. Carboxylic acid is highly acidic in nature. Factors responsible for acidic character (acidity) Inductive effect Mesomeric effect Hyperconjugation effect Ortho effect (especially for benzoic acid) Dependency of acidity on the above effects Acidity is directly proportional to -I, -M, -H effect and is inversely proportional to +I, +M, +H effect. i.e., acidity increase when a group show -I, -M, -H effect and decrease when a group show +I, +M, +H effect. Ortho effect increase the acidic character of benzoic acid, means ortho substituted benzoic acid, […]
- [Benzamide is less easily hydrolysed than methyl benzoate. Why?](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/benzamide-is-less-easily-hydrolysed/): Pro Tip! Benzamide is less easily hydrolysed because of difference of positive charge density on carbonyl carbon. In hydrolysis reaction, hydroxyl ion (OH–) attacks on the carbonyl carbon, so we need to check out the positive charge density on carbonyl carbon. Solution We know that the nitrogen is less electronegative as compared to oxygen. So, nitrogen can donate a pair of electron more readily as compared to oxygen. In case of benzamide the magnitude of positive charge on carbonyl carbon is less than that in case of methyl benzoate. During the hydrolysis reaction, the attack on hydroxyl ion (OH–) on carbonyl […]
- [Everything about Bredt's rule](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/what-is-bredts-rule/): Bredt’s rule relates to bridge heads with carbon-carbon and carbon-nitrogen double bonds. This rule is first discussed by German Scholar Bredt’s in 1902. What is Bredt’s rule? According to this rule, a bridge head carbon atom of bicyclo compound cannot be sp2 hybridised or in other word a bridge head carbon atom cannot form double bond, unless the ring contain at least 8 atoms. In other words, it states that the planarity is not possible at bridge head carbon of bicyclo compound till one of the ring size is having eight atoms or more. Also, the carbocation on bridge carbon atom […]
- [Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Steric Inhibition of Resonance](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/steric-inhibition-of-resonance/): In this post, everything about steric inhibition of resonance is explained. What is steric inhibition of resonance effect? SIR stands for Steric Inhibition in Resonance. As per its name, steric means size, inhibition means some kind of hindrance and resonance means delocalisation or conjugation. We know that the planarity is the main condition for resonance that means resonance can occur only when all the atoms which are involved in resonance must lie in same plane or nearly in same plane. Any change in the structure of molecule which changes its planarity will restrict or inhibit resonance, this phenomenon is known as […]
- [Know about Sigma Resonance Or Dancing Resonance](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/dancing-or-sigma-resonance/): What is sigma resonance or dancing resonance? Sigma resonance or dancing resonance is a special stability mechanism which increases stability of carbocations attached directly to the three membered rings, e.g., cyclopropylmethyl carbocation. Why it occurs? In cyclopropane, all the carbon is sp3 hybridized and the bond angle for the same should be 109°28′, but the actual bond angle is 60° due to which angle strain develops. So, in order to minimize the strain, the p-orbital bents due to which it acquires partial sigma-bond and partial pi-bond character which behave like pi-bond. And the resonance takes place between sigma orbital and vacant […]
- [Why is the phenoxide ion more stable than phenol?](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/phenoxide-ion-is-more-stable/): Phenol and phenoxide ion both are stabilized by resonance. In case of phenol, the lone pair on oxygen atom get delocalize over the benzene ring and this causes a charge separation, i.e., positive charge on oxygen atom while negative charge is on the benzene ring. This type of resonance structures have small contributions to the hybrid in stabilizing the compound. While in case of phenoxide ion, the negative charge on the oxygen atom get delocalize and no such charge separation takes place. Therefore, the resonance structures of phenoxide ion has more contribution towards the hybrid in stabilizing the phenoxide ion. Hence […]
- [The order of heat of hydrogenation in following compounds.](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/the-order-of-heat-of-hydrogenation-in-following-compounds/): Question: The order of heat of hydrogenation in the following compounds: Solution:   Read more: The correct relation between the bond lengths a and b is:
- [A particular 100-octane aviation gasoline used 1.00 cm3 of tetraethyl lead of density 1.66 g/cc, per litre of product.](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/a-particular-100-octane-aviation-gasoline-used-1-00-cm3-of-tetraethyl-lead-of-density-1-66-g-cc-per-litre-of-product/): Question:   Solution:     Read More: Which is the major product of the following reaction?
- [Sn1 and Sn2 products are same with (excluding stereoisomers):](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/sn1-and-sn2-products-are-same-with-excluding-stereoisomers/): SN1 and SN2 products are same with (excluding stereoisomer): (a) In SN1 reaction, rearrangement of carbocation occurs, so it gives different product in SN1 reaction than SN2. (b) The given halide is tertiary, so here SN1 reaction is possible but SN2 is not possible due to steric hindrance. (c) Here secondary halide is given, it is easy for the compound to undergo SN1 and SN2 reaction at same rate. (d) In SN1 reaction, rearrangement of carbocations occurs, so it gives different product in SN1 reaction than SN2. Hence, in option C, the same products are obtained in both SN1 and SN2 […]
- [How carbylamine reaction give foul smelling compound?](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/what-is-carbylamine-reaction/): Carbylamine reaction is in the chapter amines in class 12. It is helpful for the detection of primary amines which give foul smell. Let’s read how and why it give foul smell! What is Carbylamine reaction? Carbylamine reaction is the reaction in which aliphatic or aromatic primary amines on heating with chloroform and ethanolic potassium hydroxide give foul smelling compound called alkyl/aryl isocyanides. This reaction is a test for detection of primary amines only. Secondary and tertiary amines do not give this test. The name of the test performed is called as Carbylamine test. Carbylamine reaction R-NH2 +CHCl3 + 3KOH → […]
- [Which species has maximum number of lone pair?](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/maximum-number-of-lone-pair/): Which species has the maximum number of lone pairs of electrons on the central atom? (a) ClO3– (b) XeF4 (c) SF4 (d) I3– First of all, let’s discuss the term lone pair, hybridisation and bond pair What is lone pair? A pair of electrons occupying an orbital in an atom or molecule and not directly involved in bonding. What is Hybridisation? Hybridisation is the concept of mixing atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals, with different energies, shapes, etc., than the component atomic orbitals, suitable for the pairing of electrons to form chemical bonds in valence bond theory. What is bond […]
- [What is the pH of 20 ml of 0.2 M HNO3 mixed with 40 ml of 0.1 M Ba(OH)2?](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/ph-of-20-ml-of-02m-hno3/): To find the pH of the resulting solution when pH of 20 ml of 0.2 M HNO3 mixed with 40 ml of 0.1 M Ba(OH)2, find the number of moles of H+ and OH– for each given compound. We know, Moles = Molarity x Volume Since, Ba(OH)2 on dissociation give 2 OH– ion while HNO3 give 1 H+ ion, so Moles of HNO3 = 0.2 M x 0.020 L = 0.004 moles Moles of H+ ion = 0.004 moles Moles of Ba(OH)2 = 0.1 M x 0.040 L = 0.004 moles Moles of OH– ions = 2 x 0.004 moles = 0.008 […]
- [Why ortho effect will make you question acidic character?](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/ortho-effect/): Ortho effect refers mainly to the set of steric effects and some bonding interactions along with polar effects caused by the various substituents which are in a given molecule altering its chemical properties and physical properties. This effect is associated with benzene compounds. What is ortho effect? Ortho effect is a special type of effect which is shown by ortho-substituents. It works only with benzoic acid and aniline. It refers to some bonding interactions and the set of steric effects with polar effects inflicted by multiple substituents in a given molecule modifying its physical and chemical properties. Nearly all the ortho-substituted […]
- [Easy Reaction of ethoxybenzene with HBr?](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/reaction-of-ethoxybenzene-with-hbr/): What is the product formed when ethoxybenzene reacts with HBr? Ethoxybenzene is Ph-O-C2H5. When it reacts with HBr, the products formed are phenol and ethyl bromide. The reaction and mechanism of the reaction of ethoxybenzene with HBr is as: What is Substitution reaction? The substitution reaction is defined as a reaction in which the functional group of one chemical compound is substituted by another group or it is a reaction which involves the replacement of one atom or a molecule of a compound with another atom or molecule. Here nucleophilic substitution reaction occurs. Bromide ion (Br–) attacks on Ethyl group, so […]
- [What is the pH of the resulting solution?](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/ph-of-the-resulting-solution/): The equal volume of two HCl solutions of pH=3 and pH=5 were mixed. What is the pH of the resulting solution? To calculate the pH of the resulting solution from the two solutions whose pH values are known. Firstly, calculate hydrogen ion concentration of both the solutions with the help of pH formula. We know that, pH = -log[H+] and Concentration = Moles/Volume Assuming that the volume of each solution is 1 L. HCl dissociates completely into its constituent ions H+ and Cl–, as it is a strong acid. Dissociation is done as: HCl (aq) → H+ (aq) + Cl– (aq) […]
- [Why is alkene more reactive than alkane?](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/alkene-more-reactive-than-alkane/): Alkene are more reactive than alkane. First of all, we will discuss about alkane and alkene. What is alkene? An alkene is the unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon-carbon double bond, i.e., C=C. The general formula of alkene is CnH2n. What is alkane? An alkane is the saturated hydrocarbon that contains only single bond between carbon atoms, i.e., C-C. The general formula of alkane is CnH2n+2. How is alkene more reactive than alkane? Alkenes have double bond between carbon atoms, i.e., one sigma and one pi-bond. Carbon atoms in alkene contain sp2-sp2 hybridized orbital bonding (sigma bond) which is […]
- [Easy way of Methyl Iodide to Acetic acid?](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/what-is-the-conversion-of-methyl-iodide-to-acetic-acid/): What is the conversion of methyl iodide to acetic acid? For the conversion of methyl iodide to acetic acid, follow step by step procedure from the basic organic reactions. What is to be done? Methyl iodide has the formula CH3I while acetic acid has the formula CH3COOH. In this reaction, -I is replaced by -COOH. There is need of increasing number of carbon atoms to two carbon atoms in product from one carbon atom in reactant. What are the steps to follow? First step proceeds with increasing one carbon atom in CH3I. By reacting methyl iodide with potassium cyanide (KCN), one […]
- [How is Peroxide Effect Only Applicable to HBr?](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/peroxide-effect-applicable-to-hbr/): First of all, we should know about the reaction which occurs here. Later on we will discuss the peroxide effect in each case of HX. The reaction occurs is an addition reaction of an alkene. The hydrogen halide (HX, where X is F, Cl, Br, I) molecule adds to the double bonded carbon atoms to form an alkyl halide. A good way to think of the addition reaction is that the pi bond acts as a nucleophile which attacks on the proton (from HX) which acts as an electrophile. As an alternative method, you can view the first step of the […]
- [The Most Popular Addition of HOCl to Alkene](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/addition-of-hocl-to-alkene/): In this post, we are going to learn about the markovnikov’s addition rule. What is the mechanism for addition of HOCl to alkene? Addition of HOCl to an alkene is done by Markovnikov’s addition rule. What is Markovnikov’s addition rule? When a protic acid (HX) is added to an asymmetric alkene, the acidic hydrogen attaches itself to the carbon having a greater number of hydrogen substituents, whereas the halide group attaches itself to the carbon atom which has a greater number of alkyl substituents. To simplify the rule, it can also be stated as – “Hydrogen is added to the carbon […]
- [Easy Way To Convert Ethanol To Butyne?](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/how-do-you-convert-ethanol-to-butyne/): How do you convert ethanol to butyne? Ethanol contains alcohol group which is to be converted first into an halide (say Cl), and then the ethyl chloride reacts with sodium acetylide to form the desired product. What is ethanol? Ethanol is an organic compound containing alcohol functional group having molecular formula C2H5OH. How the reaction proceed? Ethanol (C2H5OH) reacts with SOCl2 to form ethyl chloride (C2H5Cl). Ethyl chloride (C2H5Cl), then, reacts with sodium acetylide (HC≡CNa) to form Butyne or 1-Butyne (C2H5C≡CNa). Conversion of ethanol to butyne is shown in image below: Read more: What are easy ways of organic conversions?
- [Unique Guide to Organic Conversions (25 Cheat Sheet included)](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/unique-guide-to-organic-conversions/): Are you facing problems while doing organic conversions? Do you not have organic conversion chart with you? If your answer is Yes. You are at the right place! In this post we will discuss about the easy ways of organic conversions. Organic conversion charts are also included in this post. What are organic conversions or organic chemistry conversions? Converting one organic compound to another organic compound, by using one or more other organic compounds or reagents by a single or multiple steps are called as organic conversions. The basic organic reactions are building blocks for the conversion in organic chemistry. What […]
- [Master General Organic Chemistry: Unveiling the Secrets of Reaction Mechanism](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/general-organic-chemistry/): Does organic chemistry feel like an endless maze of memorizing complex reactions? You aren’t alone. For most JEE, NEET, and board exam aspirants, organic chemistry is either a high-scoring goldmine or their biggest nightmare. The difference? How well they understand the foundation. Welcome to the complete guide on General Organic Chemistry (GOC) and Reaction Mechanism. Page Contents Toggle Why is General Organic Chemistry the Foundation for JEE and NEET?The Difference Between GOC and Reaction MechanismsIntroductionConcept to Understand Reaction MechanismBond FissionHeterolytic FissionHomolytic FissionAttacking ReagentsElectrophilic reagents or ElectrophilesNucleophilic reagents or NucleophilesReaction IntermediateCarbocationCarbanionFree RadicalCarbenesNitrenesBenzyneElectronic EffectsInductive EffectOrder of –I effectOrder of +I effectApplication of Inductive […]
- [A Guide for NEET UG 2027 Aspirants](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/a-guide-for-neet-ug-2027-aspirants/): Preparing for the National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (NEET UG) is a transformative two-year journey. For students aiming for NEET UG 2027 starting with crystal-clear direction, consistency, and a well-structured plan is the single biggest factor separating high rankers from the rest of the pack. With over 25 lakh candidates competing for government medical seats across AIIMS, JIPMER, and premier state medical colleges, competition is intense. However, with two full academic years ahead, you have the greatest luxury an aspirant can ask for: time. Here is your definitive guide to cracking NEET 2027 with top ranks. NEET UG 2027: Exam Pattern […]
- [A Guide for JEE Mains 2027 Aspirants](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/guide-for-jee-mains-2027-aspirants/): In today’s competitive world, the significance of an effective study plan for the Joint Entrance Examination (JEE Mains 2027) cannot be overstated. JEE stands as one of India’s most challenging yet rewarding academic pursuits. Every year, millions of students embark on this journey with dreams of securing admission to premier engineering institutions. At the outset, understanding the magnitude of this challenge is necessary, as the JEE isn’t just another entrance examination. It is a gateway to some of India’s most prestigious educational institutes. Success in JEE opens doors to the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), National Institutes of Technology (NITs) and […]
- [Master p-Block Elements: The Ultimate Guide for JEE & NEET](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/master-p-block-elements/): Are you struggling to memorize the vast trends, anomalous behaviors, and chemical reactions of the p-block elements? You aren’t alone. In the Inorganic Chemistry section of competitive exams like JEE Main, JEE Advanced, and NEET, the p-block (Groups 13 to 18) carries significant weightage, often accounting for several direct questions every year. To help you secure those crucial marks, we have compiled these p-block elements notes to simplify complex concepts into a “one-shot” revision format. Whether you are a Class 11 or Class 12 student, these notes cover everything from the Inert Pair Effect and Catenation to the detailed properties of […]
- [Student-Friendly Dictionary of Chemistry: 250+ Terms](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/dictionary-of-chemistry/): Chemistry is not just about formulas and reactions; it is also a language filled with thousands of scientific terms. Many students find chemistry difficult not because of calculations, but because they do not fully understand the meaning of important words like mole, oxidation, catalyst, or stoichiometry. A Dictionary of Chemistry acts as a bridge between complex scientific language and simple understanding. It helps students quickly revise important terms, strengthen their concepts, and improve performance in exams. In this article, we present a student-friendly dictionary of chemistry terms with clear definitions, easy explanations, and examples wherever required. Why Every Chemistry Student Needs […]
- [97 Reasoning Questions in Organic Chemistry](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/reasoning-questions-2/): Organic Chemistry is crucial for Class 12 students, particularly in understanding reasoning questions that assess conceptual clarity. The compiled resource offers key reasoning questions with concise answers across major topics such as haloalkanes, alcohols, and ketones, enhancing students' exam readiness and confidence in tackling application-based questions.
- [Ultimate Collection of 500 Chemistry Questions](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/500-chemistry-questions/): Chemistry serves as a cornerstone of scientific understanding, playing a vital role in various fields and examinations, particularly the NEET and JEE. As students prepare for these competitive exams, mastering chemistry concepts is crucial for achieving success. In this post, we present a comprehensive collection of the top 500 chemistry questions tailored specifically for NEET and JEE aspirants, to understand the basic concepts of subject. This resource aims to challenge students’ knowledge, enhance their problem-solving skills, and ultimately boost their confidence as they approach exam day. Note: Kindly skip those questions which are from the out of syllabus topics. 500 Chemistry […]
- [3 Biggest Mistakes in Organic Chemistry and How to fix them](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/mistakes-in-organic-chemistry/): Is doing mistakes in Organic Chemistry common for you? Organic chemistry is often considered one of the most challenging subjects in science. Many students struggle with it due to its unique concepts and problem-solving approach. If you’re finding organic chemistry difficult, you’re not alone! Here are the top three mistakes people make and how you can avoid them. Mistake #1 Memorizing instead of understanding Many students try to memorize reactions, mechanisms, and formulas without truly understanding the concepts. While rote memorization may work for some subjects, it is ineffective for organic chemistry. The subject is deeply rooted in logic, patterns, and […]
- [Principles Related to Practical Chemistry | Class 12](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/practical-chemistry/): Practical Chemistry is a vital part of the chemistry syllabus for competitive exams like JEE and NEET, as well as for board examinations. It emphasizes the application of theoretical concepts through hands-on experiment and real-life chemical processes. The topic Principles Related to Practical Chemistry covers detection of extra elements in organic compounds, detection of functional groups in organic compounds, inorganic salt analysis, titration, etc. Whether preparing for exams or pursuing further studies in science, a solid grasp of practical chemistry principles is essential for success and confidence in the laboratory. Now, here’s where it gets interesting… Practical Chemistry Syllabus Qualitative Analysis […]
- [132 Important Organic Conversions for Board Exam](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/important-organic-conversions/): Organic chemistry is a core branch of chemistry that focuses on the study of carbon-containing compounds, especially their structure, properties, and reactions. Mastering organic reactions and important organic conversions is essential for board exams because these transformations underpin a significant portion of the syllabus. These not only help you score well but also strengthen your understanding of fundamental organic chemistry concepts. Below are some of the most important organic conversions you should know for your board exam, including concise steps and special tips to remember. Must Visit: 11 Essential Tricks of Conversion in Organic Chemistry Important Organic Conversions 1. Acetic acid to […]
- [JEE Main 2025 January: Key Insights Unveiled](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/jee-main-2025-january-analysis/): The Joint Entrance Examination (JEE) Main is one of the most prestigious and competitive entrance exams in India, serving as the gateway to numerous engineering colleges, including the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and National Institutes of Technology (NITs). Every year, lakhs of aspirants take this exam with the hope of securing a place in the top engineering institutions. The JEE Main exam is conducted twice a year — in January and April — giving students the flexibility to attempt it in their preferred session. The first attempt, typically held in January, is eagerly awaited by students as it provides a […]
- [Mastering Transition Elements Concepts Now](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/transition-elements/): In this post, we will discuss the theory and questions of transition elements and inner-transition elements. Transition Elements or d-Block Elements Those elements which have partly or incompletely filled (n-1)d orbital in their elementary state or in any of their common oxidation state are called as transition elements. Question: Why d-block elements are called as transition elements? Answer: The d-block elements are called as transition elements because their properties are intermediate between the properties of highly electropositive s-block elements and highly electronegative p-block elements. Question: Why Zn, Cd, Hg and Uub (Cn) are excluded (not included) from transition series? Answer: According […]
- [Important Orders in Inorganic Chemistry: 50+ Orders with Exceptions](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/orders-in-inorganic-chemistry/): In this post, we will discuss about the important orders in inorganic chemistry and then some exceptions with valid reasons in the last. Important Orders in Inorganic Chemistry Isotopes of Hydrogen Three isotopes of hydrogen are Hydrogen (H), Deuterium (D) and Tritium (T). Relative Abundance H > D > T Atomic mass H < D < T Melting point H < D < T Boiling point H < D < T Density H < D < T Enthalpy of fusion H < D Enthalpy of vaporisation H < D Bond dissociation enthalpy H < D Internuclear distance H = D Oxides […]
- [Most Wanted Inorganic Chemistry for JEE and NEET: 10+ Tricks](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/most-wanted-inorganic-chemistry/): This post is a comprehensive document that covers essential tricks in inorganic chemistry for JEE and NEET exams. This resource provides a tricks to learn key concepts and principles in the subject. Students preparing for these exams get benefit greatly from this comprehensive guide. Electrochemical Series Element Trick Electrode Reaction (Reduction) Standard Electrode Reduction Potential E° (in volt) Li Like Li+ + e– → Li -3.05 K Kareena K+ + e– → K -2.925 Ca Can Ca2+ + 2e– → Ca -2.87 Na Not Na+ + e– → Na -2.714 Mg Memorize Mg2+ + 2e– → Mg -2.37 Al All Al3+ + 3e– → Al -1.66 Zn Zoology Zn2+ + 2e– → Zn -0.7628 Cr […]
- [Class 10 Science: Important Chemical Reactions](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/important-chemical-reactions/): This post includes the most important chemical reactions of Chemistry section which help you to excel in your exams. The reactions are mentioned chapterwise. Chemical Reactions and Equations 1. Pb(NO3)2 + 2 KI → PbI2 + 2KNO3 PbI2 is yellow precipitate formed. This reaction is double displacement reaction or precipitation reaction. 2. CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 + Heat In this reaction, a very large amount of heat is evolved. It is called as exothermic reaction. 3. CO + 2 H2 → CH3OH Conditions for the reaction are 300 atm, 300 oC, ZnO+CrO3 catalyst (to be written on the arrow). 4. […]
- [Important Topics of Chemistry for JEE and NEET](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/important-topics-of-chemistry/): In this post, you will find the important topics of chemistry for JEE and NEET on each and every chapter in Chemistry based on previous year questions of last 15 years. You may skip the chapters which are not in the latest syllabus. Important Topics of Chemistry Class 11th Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry CONCENTRATION BASED PROBLEMS MOLES, ATOMS AND ELECTRONS EQUATION BASED PROBLEMS LIMITING REAGENT EMPERICAL/MOLECULAR FORMULA Structure of Atom AUFBAU PRINCIPLE QUANTUM NUMBERS SHELL / SUB SHELL BOHR’S THEORY HEISENBERG UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE PLANCK’S THEORY NODAL PLANE DE BROGLIE EQUATION HYDROGEN SPECTRA NUMBER OF E/P/N Periodic Classification of Elements ATOMIC […]
- [100+ Organic Chemistry Reasoning Questions Class 12](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/reasoning-questions/): This post contains 100+ organic chemistry reasoning questions which are important for the CBSE Class 12 Board Exam. Organic Chemistry Reasoning Questions 1. Why is sulphuric acid is not used during reaction of alcohols with KI? Ans: Sulphuric acid converts the KI into HI and then oxidizes into I2. 2. Arrange each set of compounds in order of increasing boiling point. (i) Bromoethane , Bromoform, Chloromethane, Dibromomethane. (ii) 1-Chloropropane, Isopropyl chloride, 1-Chlorobutane. Ans: As atomic mass increases boiling point increases. While branching compounds has spherical shape, so has less contact as compared to the straight chain compounds, hence less boiling point […]
- [Best books of Organic Chemistry JEE 2025 and NEET 2025?](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/best-books-of-organic-chemistry-jee/): This post provides you the list of best books of Organic Chemistry JEE 2025 and NEET 2025. When preparing for the JEE (Joint Entrance Examination) and NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test) in India, it’s important to choose the right books for organic chemistry that provide a solid theoretical foundation and ample practice questions. Here are some highly recommended books for both theory and practice in organic chemistry for JEE and NEET: Theory Books of Organic Chemistry: Practice Books of Organic Chemistry: Remember that the key to success in organic chemistry for JEE is a combination of understanding theory and extensive […]
- [Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles Question and Answer | Class 11](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/organic-chemistry-some-basic-principles/): In this post, you will find the questions and answers of chapter Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles including NCERT questions. 1. What are hybridisation states of each carbon atom in the following compounds? CH2=C=O, CH3CH=CH2, (CH3)2CO, CH2=CH-CN, C6H6. Answer: The hybridisation states of each carbon atom in the following compounds is as follows: 2. Indicate the sigma and pi bonds in the following molecules: C6H6, C6H12, CH2Cl2, CH=C=CH2, CH3NO2, HCONHCH3 Answer: The indicated sigma bond and pi bonds are represented as follows: 3. Write bond-line formulas for: Isopropyl alcohol, 2,3-Dimethylbutanal, Heptan-4-one. Answer: 4. Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds: Answer:  (a) […]
- [S block Elements Question and Answer | Class 11](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/s-block-elements/): In this post, you will find the questions and answers of chapter s block elements including NCERT questions. 1. What are the common physical and chemical features of alkali metals? Answer: Physical properties of alkali metals: (a) Alkali metals have low ionization enthalpies. (b) Alkali metals are highly electropositive in nature. (c) Alkali metals exhibit +1 oxidation states in their compounds. (d) Alkali metals impart characteristic colours to the flame. Chemical properties of alkali metals: (a) Alkali metals are highly reactive in nature. (b) Alkali metals hydroxides are highly basic in nature. (c) Alkali metals dissolve in liquid ammonia to form blue […]
- [Exploring 74 Important Trends in S and P Block Elements](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/trends-in-s-and-p-block-elements/): In this post, you will find the list of important trends in s and p block elements presented in a convenient tabular format. These trends are most important from the examination point of view for Class 11 and 12 and also for competitive exams IIT JEE and NEET. S and P block elements Understanding the increasing and decreasing order of s and p block compounds, i.e., important trends in s and p block compounds, is crucial in the field of chemistry. By examining these trends, we can gain valuable insights into the properties and reactivity of elements within these blocks. In […]
- [Ultimate 'Difference Between' Questions Guide for Class 9-12](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/difference-between-questions/): In this post, you will find the “difference between” questions which are asked in your exams for Class 9-12. These questions are designed to test your understanding and knowledge of various concepts. By comparing and contrasting different ideas, you will be able to develop a deeper understanding of the subject matter. Additionally, answering these questions will help you improve your critical thinking skills and enhance your ability to analyze and evaluate information. So, take your time to read and answer these questions, and make the most out of this valuable learning opportunity! Difference between An Orbit and An Orbital Orbit Orbital […]
- [95 Important Reactions of P-block elements | Class 12](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/important-reactions-of-p-block/): In this post, you will find the important reactions of p-block elements for class 12. The p-block elements, also known as the main group elements, are located in groups 13 to 18 of the periodic table. These elements play a crucial role in various chemical reactions and display diverse properties due to their electron configurations. One of the important reactions of p-block elements is their ability to form covalent and ionic bonds. For example, elements in group 14, such as carbon and silicon, have the ability to form covalent bonds with other elements. This property allows them to participate in organic […]
- [80 Important Conceptual Questions of P-Block Elements Class 12](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/p-block-elements-class-12/): In this particular blog post, you will be able to access a total of 80 significant and relevant questions pertaining to the P-Block Elements Class 12. This insightful compilation of questions is tailored to assist you in your upcoming Class 12 Board Exam, giving you an advantageous edge in your academic journey. Note: No conceptual question will come in exam except from these 80 conceptual questions in P-block elements. 1. Why is N2 less reactive at room temperature? Ans: N2 is less reactive at room temperature because of very high bond dissociation enthalpy of N≡N. 2. N cannot extend its coordination […]
- [Comprehensive Guide: 100+ Organic Reagents and Their Functions](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/organic-reagents-and-their-function/): In this post, you will find the list of more than 100 important organic reagents and their function presented in a convenient tabular format. This format allows for easy readability and ensures a clear understanding of the information provided. What is Organic Chemistry? Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that involves the scientific study of organic compounds, i.e., compounds that contain covalently bonded carbon atoms. This branch of chemistry primarily deals with the structure and chemical composition of organic compounds, the physical properties and the chemical properties of organic compounds, and the chemical reactions which these organic compounds undergo. The term ‘organic’ was […]
- [Top 51 Must-Know Organic Chemistry Reactions](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/51-organic-chemistry-reactions/): In this post you will find a comprehensive collection of organic chemistry reactions which are exceedingly beneficial for CBSE Board Exams as well as for JEE and NEET aspirants. Immerse yourself in the vast pool of organic chemistry reactions and enhance your understanding in these subjects. Aldol Condensation Two molecules of aldehydes or ketones having a-hydrogen condense together in the presence of a base [dilute NaOH, Na2CO3, Ba(OH)2]. This reaction leads to the formation of β-hydroxyaldehyde or β-hydroxyketone, which are collectively referred to as aldol. This condensation reaction occurs through the nucleophilic attack of the enolate anion on the carbonyl carbon […]
- [Important Organic Chemistry Questions: Class 12 Exam](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/class-12-exam/): Here is a list of important organic chemistry questions for Class 12 Exam. Note: Try solving on your own 🙂 If you are finding any difficulty, i am just a DM away on Instagram ‘cgchemistrysolutions‘. 1. Write the IUPAC name of the following compound: 2. Arrange the following compounds in an increasing order of their acid strengths: (CH3)2CHCOOH, CH3CH2CH(Br)COOH, CH3CH(Br)CH2COOH. 3. Write a chemical reaction in which the iodide ion replaces the diazonium group in a diazonium salt. 4. Name a substance that can be used as an antiseptic as well as a disinfectant. Organic Chemistry 5. Which compound in each […]
- [Know the Syllabus Changes in JEE Advanced 2023](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/syllabus-changes-jee-advanced-2023/): There is a revision in the syllabus of JEE Advanced 2023. Read out the post to know more. You should check out the syllabus for all three subjects Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics from the official website of JEE Advanced, i.e., jeeadv.ac.in. From the opinion of the expert, the meaning of the new syllabus of Joint Admission Board (JAB) is that the JEE Advanced will now have more chapters and the new syllabus will be linked with JEE Mains. It is allowed to sit top 2.5 Lakh students, who cracked JEE Mains exam, in JEE Advanced. JEE Advanced 2023 Syllabus changes In […]
- [Hydrogen Question and Answer | Class 11](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/hydrogen/): In this post, you will find the questions and answers of chapter Hydrogen including NCERT questions. 1. Justify the position of hydrogen in the periodic table on the basis of its electronic configuration. Answer: Hydrogen has been placed at the top of the alkali metal in group, but it is not a member of the group.Its position is not justified properly because of its electronic configuration as (1s1). It can be placed with alkali metals because it also has similar configuration (ns1) as alkali metals. However, it can also be placed along with halogen in group 17 since just like halogen it […]
- [Why Do Students Struggle with Organic Chemistry? Find Out Here!](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/what-make-organic-chemistry-so-hard/): First of all, we need to know about organic chemistry. Later on we will discuss about our main topic. What is Organic Chemistry? Organic Chemistry is the study of organic chemical reactions, structures, properties, preparation and composition of carbon-containing compounds. Most of the organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen, but they may also contain other elements in any number, such as oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, sulphur, nitrogen, etc. Why Organic Chemistry seems so difficult? One of the reasons many students find Organic chemistry so difficult is because it is a very demanding course. In this, students are tasked with learning a […]
- [Chemistry in Everyday Life Question and Answer | Class 12](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/chemistry-in-everyday-life-q-and-a/): In this post, you will find the questions and answer of chapter chemistry in everyday life including NCERT questions. 1. Sleeping pills are recommended by doctors to the patients suffering from sleeplessness but it is not advisable to take its doses without consultation with the doctor. Why? Answer: Most of drugs taken in doses higher than recommended may produce harmful effects and act as poison and cause even death. Therefore, a doctor must always be consulted before taking the drug. 2. “Ranitidine is an antacid”. With reference to which classification, has this statement been given? Answer: Ranitidine is labelled as antacid since it […]
- [Structure of Atom Question and Answer | Class 11](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/structure-of-atom/): In this post, you will find the questions and answers of chapter Structure of atom which included NCERT exercise also. 1. (i) Calculate the number of electrons which will together weigh one gram.(ii) Calculate the mass and charge of one mole of electrons. Answer: (i) Mass of an electron = 9.1 × 10-28 g 9.1 × 10-28 g is the mass of 1 electron No of electrons having mass 1 g = 1/(9.1 × 10-28) = 1.098 × 1027 electrons. (ii) One mole of electrons = 6.022 × 1023 electrons Mass of 1 electron = 9.1 × 10-31 Kg Mass of 6.022 × 1023 electrons = (9.1 × 1031 […]
- [The Ultimate Guide to the Periodic Table: Tricks to Remember](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/tricks-to-remember-periodic-table/): Are you preparing for IIT-JEE or NEET? If yes, then it becomes your necessity to remember periodic table. When we talk about Chemistry, then we never forget to discuss about the periodic table. We even try to find among friends, who knows the complete periodic table. It is fundamental & very important that every science student must be aware of and memorize very well. Without knowing the elements of the periodic table, you’re lacking out on the foundation required to learn the rest of what chemistry has to offer. Its not easy for all to memorize all the elements of the […]
- [Best Books for JEE 2025: Main and Advanced](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/best-books-for-jee-2025/): Are you JEE aspirant? Are you looking best books for JEE 2025 (Main and Advanced)? If your answer is YES! You’re at the right place. To prepare well for the exam, having the right books in hand is a boon. You will get a brief idea of best books required to crack the JEE 2025 exams and get you into IITs. In this world of online study, remember the sayings of Stephen King. You should read more and more books to get your concepts clear. “Books are a uniquely portable magic” Stephen King IIT – Your Dream? IIT (Indian Institute of […]
- [Environmental Chemistry Question and Answer | Class 11](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/environmental-chemistry/): In this post you will find Environmental Chemistry question and answer, including NCERT questions. 1. Define environmental chemistry? Answer: Environmental Chemistry is the branch of science which deals with the chemical changes in the environment. It includes our surroundings such as air, water, soil, forest etc. 2. Explain the tropospheric pollution in 100 words? Answer: Tropospheric pollution occurs due to the presence of undesirable substance in air. These may be the solid or gaseous pollutants. Gaseous Air Pollutants: These are oxides of sulphur, nitrogen and carbon, hydrogen sulphide, hydrocarbons, ozone and other oxidants. Particulate Pollutants: These are dust, mist, fumes, and smog etc. 3. Carbon […]
- [Surface Chemistry Question and Answer | Class 12](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/surface-chemistry/): In this post, you will find the questions and answers of Surface Chemistry which include NCERT exercises. 1. Write any two characteristics of Chemisorption. Answer: The characteristics of Chemisorption are: (a) In Chemisorption which is highly specific in nature the adsorbate and adsorbent get attached by chemical bonds which are either covalent or ionic in nature. (b) High activation energy is required and high temperature is also favourable. (c) Chemisorption increases with the increase in surface area which results in more number of active sites.  2. Why does physisorption decrease with the increase of temperature?Ans: Physisorption is an exothermic process. Solid (Adsorbent) + […]
- [Solutions Question and Answer | Class 12](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/solutions-qa/): In this post, questions and answers of class 12 chapter Solutions are provided which included NCERT questions. 1. Calculate the mass percentage of benzene (C6H6) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) if 22 g of benzene is dissolved in 122 g of carbon tetrachloride. Answer: Mass of solution = Mass of C6H6 + Mass of CCl4 = 22 g+122 g= 144 gMass % of benzene = 22/144 x 100 =15.28 %Mass % of CCl4 = 122/144 x 100 = 84.72 % 2. Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in solution containing 30% by mass in carbon tetrachloride. Answer: 30% by mass of C6H6 in CCl4 = 30 g C6H6 in […]
- [Solid State Question and Answer | Class 12](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/solid-state-qa/): In this post, you will get the Solid State NCERT solutions in addition to other question answer as well. 1. Why are solids rigid? Answer: The constituent particles in solids have fixed positions and can oscillate about their mean positions. Hence, they are rigid. 2. Why do solids have definite volume? Answer: Solids keep their volume because of rigidity in their structure. The interparticle forces are very strong. Moreover, the interparticle spaces are very few and small as well. As a result, their volumes cannot change by applying pressure. 3. Classify the following as amorphous or crystalline solids: Polyurethane, naphthalene, benzoic acid, Teflon, […]
- [Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Question and Answer | Class 11](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/some-basic-concepts-of-chemistry/): In this post, you will get the Some basic concepts of chemistry NCERT solutions in addition to other question answer as well. 1. Calculate the molecular mass of the following: (i) H2O (ii) CO2 (iii) CH4 Answer: (i) H2O:The molecular mass of water = (2 x Atomic mass of hydrogen) + (1 x Atomic mass of oxygen)= [2(1.0084) + 1(16.00 u)] = 2.016 u + 16.00 u = 18.016 = 18.02 u(ii) CO2:The molecular mass of carbon dioxide = (1 x Atomic mass of carbon) + (2 x Atomic mass of oxygen)= [1(12.011 u) + 2 (16.00 u)] = 12.011 u […]
- [Can you solve this Organic Chemistry Question?](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/organic-chemistry-question-2013/): This is the organic chemistry question, which is based on word problem which usually comes for 5 marks in 12th board exam. This organic chemistry question was asked in Class 12 CBSE Board All India 2013. Organic Chemistry Question Asked in Exam An organic compound (A) which has characteristic odour, on treatment with NaOH forms two compounds (B) and (C). Compound (B) has the molecular formula C7H8O which on oxidation with CrO3 gives back compound (A). Compound (C) is the sodium salt of the acid. Compound (C) when heated with soda lime yields an aromatic hydrocarbon (D). Deduce the structures of (A), […]
- [Structure of Atom Question and Answer | Class 9 Chemistry](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/qa-of-structure-of-atom/): In this post, question answer of structure of atom are provided which includes NCERT questions as well. 1. What are canal rays? Answer: Canal rays are positively charged radiations which led to the discovery of positively charged sub-atomic particle called proton. 2. If an atom contains one electron and one proton, will it carry any charge or not? Answer: The atom will be electrically neutral as one negative charge balances one positive charge. 3. On the basis of Thomson’s model of an atom, explain how the atom is neutral as a whole. Answer: According to Thomson’s model of an atom, “an atom consists of […]
- [Atoms and Molecules Question and Answer | Class 9 Chemistry](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/qa-of-atoms-and-molecules/): In this post, questions and answers of atoms and molecules are provided which includes NCERT questions as well. 1. In a reaction 5.3 g of sodium carbonate reacted with 6 g of ethanoic acid. The products were 2.2 g of carbon dioxide, 0.9 g water and 8.2 g of sodium ethanoate. Show that these observations are in agreement with the law of conservation of mass carbonate. Answer: 2. Hydrogen and oxygen combine in the ratio of 1 : 8 by mass to form water. What mass of oxygen gas would be required to react completely with 3 g of hydrogen gas? […]
- [Periodic Classification of Elements Question and Answer | Class 10 Chemistry](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/periodic-classification-of-elements/): In this post, periodic classification of elements question answers are provided which includes NCERT questions as well. 1. Did Dobereiner’s triads also exist in the columns of Newlands’ Octaves? Compare and find out. Answer: Yes, Dobereiner’s triads also existed in the columns of Newland’s Octaves. For example, Li, Na, K.If we consider lithium (Li) as the first element, then sodium (Na) is eighth element. If we consider sodium as the first element, then potassium is the eighth element. 2. What were the limitations of Dobereiner’s classification? Answer: It failed to arrange all the then known elements in the form of triads […]
- [Periodic Classification of Elements: Short Notes | Class 10 Chemistry](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/periodic-classification-of-elements-2/): In this post, you will get notes of periodic classification of elements chapter. Dobereiner’s Triads Dobereiner’s found that when elements are arranged into groups of three in the order of their increasing atomic mass, the atomic mass of the element; which comes in the middle, is the arithmetic mean of rest of the two. He arranged three elements in one group which is known as Dobereiner’s Triads. For e.g.:(Li) 7.0 (Na) 23.0 (K) 39.0 (Ca) 40.0 (Sr) 87.5 (Ba) 137.0 Here atomic mass of sodium is equal to arithmetic mean of atomic masses of lithium and potassium. Similarly, atomic mass of […]
- [Carbon and its Compounds Question and Answer | Class 10 Chemistry](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/30-qa-of-carbon-and-its-compounds/): Carbon and its Compounds questions and answers are provided in this post including NCERT questions. 1. What would be the electron dot structure of carbon dioxide which has the formula CO2? Answer: The electron dot structure of carbon dioxide molecule is as: 2. What would be electron dot structure of sulphur which is made up of eight atoms of sulphur. Answer: The electron dot of structure of sulphur (S8) is as: 3. How many structural isomers can you draw for pentane? Answer: There are three structural isomers of pentane which are n-pentane, iso-pentane and neo-pentane. 4. What are the two properties […]
- [Master Log and Antilog: The Easiest Way to Find Values!](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/master-log-and-antilog-values/): In this post, you will study, how to master log and antilog values of a given number. Explanation is provided using examples. Logarithms and Antilogarithms In higher classes, many times we encounter such numbers which are either too big or too small. So, to make the calculations easy and time saving, we use logarithms form of the number. The changed number can be put to original form by using antilogarithm. It is clear that logarithms and antilogarithms are inverse of each other. Lets start to know how to find the log and antilog values. Logarithms A logarithm of a number is […]
- [Carbon and its Compound: Short Notes | Class 10 Chemistry](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/carbon-and-its-compound-notes/): Here you will find the short notes of carbon and its compound. Carbon is an important constituent of the foods, fuels, household and commercial articles, textile fabrics, perfumes, explosives, dyes, war gases etc. The Earth’s crust has only 0.02% carbon in the form of minerals (like petroleum, coal, carbonates and hydrogen carbonates) and the atmosphere comprises of only 0.03% of carbon dioxide Allotropes of Carbon:An element, in different forms, having different physical properties but similar chemical properties is known as allotropes of that element.Carbon has three well known allotropes which are graphite, diamond and buck minster fullerene. (a) Graphite: (b) Diamond: […]
- [Metal and Non-metal Question and Answer | Class 10 Chemistry](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/67-qa-of-metal-and-non-metal/): Metal and Non-metal question answer are provided in this post including NCERT questions also. 1. Give an example of a metal which :(i) is a liquid at room temperature.(ii) can be easily cut with a knife.(iii) is the best conductor of heat.(iv) is a poor conductor of heat. Answer: (i) Mercury(ii) Sodium(iii) Silver(iv) Lead 2. Explain the meanings of malleable and ductile. Answer: Malleable : A metal that can be beaten into thin sheets on hammering is called malleable.Ductile : A metal which can be drawn into thin wires is called ductile. 3. Why is sodium kept immersed in kerosene oil? […]
- [Metals and Non metals Notes | Class 10 Chemistry](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/metals-and-non-metals-notes/): The short notes for the chapter Metals and Non-metals are as follows: Metals and Non Metals There  are 92 well known naturally occurring minerals of which 70 are metals and rest 20 are the non-metals. Physical Properties of Metals and Non Metals Property Metals Non-Metals Luster They have shining surface. They do not have shining surface except iodine. Hardness Generally hard except sodium, lithium & potassium .These are soft and can be cut with knife. Generally soft except diamond (hardest natural substance) State Exist as solids except mercury. Exist as solids or gases except bromine. Malleability Can be beaten into thin […]
- [Valence Electrons and Valency: The Complete Guide!](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/valence-electrons-and-valency/): In this post you will learn about valence electrons and valency, isotopes, isobars and fractional atomic masses of certain elements. What are valance electrons? The electrons in the outermost shell of an atom take part in all the chemical reactions given by that element. Thus, these electrons describe the combining capacity or valency of an element. That is why the electrons in the outermost shell of an atom are called its valence electrons. For example, the sodium atom has an electronic configuration of 2,8,1. The outermost shell, i.e., M-shell of sodium atom contains only one electron. So, the number of valence […]
- [Acids Bases and Salts Question and Answer | Class 10 Chemistry](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/acids-bases-and-salts/): Acids Bases and Salts question answers are provided in this post including NCERT questions also. 1. You have been provided with three test tubes. One of them contains distilled water and the other two contain an acidic solution and a basic solution, respectively. If you are given only red litmus paper, how will you identify the contents of each test tube? Answer: (i) Put the red litmus paper in all the test tubes, turn by turn. The solution which turns red litmus to blue will be a basic solution. The blue litmus paper formed here can now be used to test […]
- [Everything about Bohr's Model of An Atom](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/bohrs-model-of-an-atom/): In this post we will discuss about Bohr’s model of an atom, Bohr-Bury scheme, how to write electronic configuration of an element and nuclear composition. Rutherford’s nuclear model of atom, although a great contribution to the science, could not explain certain observations. A brilliant description of atomic structure was proposed by Neil Bohr in 1913. What are the postulates of Bohr’s atomic model? The main postulate of Bohr’s atomic model are: The orbits corresponding to n=1,2,3,4,….are also designated as K, L, M, N,…. shells. When the electron is in lowest energy level, it is said to be in ground state. Since, […]
- [Rutherford’s Alpha Scattering Experiment – Concept, Results & Importance!](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/rutherford-scattering-experiment/): In this post we will discuss about Rutherford and Thomson Model of an atom. After the discovery of electrons and protons, Sir J.J. Thomson proposed the atomic model. This is described below. What is J J Thomson Model of the atom? In 1898, Sir J J Thomson proposed a model of the atom. This model is known as J J Thomson’s plum pudding model of the atom. According to this model, What are the limitations of Thomson’s atomic model? The limitations of Thomson’s model of the atom are described below: What is Rutherford’s alpha scattering experiment? In 1911, Rutherford performed his […]
- [Acids Bases and Salts: Key Concepts | Class 10 Chemistry](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/acids-bases-and-salts-notes/): The short notes for the chapter Acids Bases and Salts are as follows: Acids Acids are the one which: Produce [H+] in H2O Has sour taste Turns blue litmus red Acts as electrolyte in solution Chemical Properties Of Acids Acids + Metal → Salt + H2e.g., H2SO4 + Zn → ZnSO4 + H2 Acids + Metal Carbonate/Metal hydrogenCarbonate = Salt + CO2e.g., NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO2 Acids + Bases → Salt + watere.g., NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O Acids + Metal oxide → Salt + Watere.g., H2SO4 + CuO → CuSO4 + H2O Bases Bases are the one which: […]
- [Anode rays and discovery of proton & neutron: Key Concept](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/anode-rays/): In this post, we will discuss about the anode rays and the discovery of proton and neutron. Anode Rays (Positive Rays or Canal Rays) During his working with cathode rays, Sir J J Thomson had noticed a red glow around the cathode, but on the side opposite the anode. To know the reason for this glow, he designed a discharge tube with a perforated cathode fixed in the middle of the tube. On applying electric potential across the two electrodes, a green fluorescence was seen in the glass tube at one end, while on the other end, a red glow was […]
- [Cathode Rays and Discovery of Electron: Key Idea](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/cathode-rays-discovery-of-electron/): This post includes the topics of Class 9 Chapter 4 Structure of Atom, i.e., Cathode rays and the JJ Thomson model and the discovery of electron. Atoms are too small to be seen even with the most powerful microscope and, too light to be weighed even on the most sensitive balance. In this chapter, we will discuss only the most important contributions which helped us in sharing our ideas about the structure of atoms. Electric nature of matter: Discharge tube experiment What is meant by electrical discharge through gases? Electrical discharge through gases studied by using a specially designed glass tube […]
- [Mastering Substitution Reactions – A Beginner’s Guide!](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/substitution-reaction/): Substitution reaction is the basic types of organic reaction which possess primary importance in the field of organic chemistry. What is substitution reaction? This reaction is defined as a reaction in which the functional group of one chemical compound is substituted by another group or it is a reaction which involves the replacement of one atom or a molecule of a compound with another atom or molecule. Example of substitution reaction CH3I + OH– → CH3OH + I– Types of Substitution Reaction What are conditions for substitution reaction to occur? In order to substitution reaction to occur there are certain conditions that […]
- [Complete Beginner's guide for Hinsberg Test](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/beginners-guide-for-hinsberg-test/): In this post, we will discuss about the Hinsberg test, preparation of hinsberg reagent, its principle and procedure for the test. The mechanism for the hinsberg test is also discussed. What is Hinsberg Test? Hinsberg test is a chemical reaction that can distinguish between primary, secondary, tertiary amines. The amine is shaken well with Hinsberg reagent in the presence of aqueous alkali (e.g., KOH or NaOH). The Hinsberg reagent is a solution of aqueous sodium hydroxide and benzenesulfonyl chloride. In this test, the amine acts as a nucleophile and attack the electrophilic benzenesulfonyl chloride. This reaction leads to the displacement of the chloride and the […]
- [11 Essential Tricks of Conversion in Organic Chemistry](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/conversion-in-organic-chemistry/): In this article, you will find 11 tricks with the reaction road map in addition to the tricks for aromatic conversion reactions for the conversion in organic chemistry for class 12 board exams. What is conversion reaction? In conversion reactions, we have to convert one organic compound to another organic compound. It occurs in a single step or in multiple steps. Always try to do conversions in not more than 3 steps. If in some conversions, more than 3 steps are required then it is ok to do so. What to remember to the conversion in organic chemistry? The basic organic […]
- [Chemical Reactions and Equations Question and Answer | Class 10 Chemistry](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/chemical-reactions-and-equations/): Chemical Reactions and Equations question answer are provided in this post including NCERT questions also. Why should a magnesium ribbon be cleaned before burning in air ? Answer: Magnesium gets covered with a layer of magnesium oxide when kept in air for a long time. This layer hinders the burning of magnesium. Hence, it is to be cleaned before burning. Write the balanced equation for the following chemical reactions.(i) Hydrogen + Chlorine → Hydrogen chloride(ii) Barium chloride + Aluminium sulphate → Barium sulphate + Aluminium chloride(iii) Sodium + Water → Sodium hydroxide + Hydrogen Answer: (i) H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl(ii) 3 BaCl2 + […]
- [Chemical Reaction and Equation: Short Notes | Class 10 Chemistry](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/chemical-reaction-and-equation-note/): The short notes for the chapter Chemical Reaction and Equation are as follows: The representation of chemical reaction by means of symbols of substances in the form of formulae is called chemical equation.For example N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3 A balanced chemical equation has equal number of atom of each element participating in the reaction on both left and right hand sides of the reaction.According to Law of Conservation of Mass, total mass of the elements present in the products of a chemical reaction has to be equal to the total mass of the element present in the reactants. Total No of Atoms […]
- [Why this JEE Advance 2019 Question so easy?](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/organic-chemistry-jee-advance-2019/): This question is from Organic chemistry section of JEE Advance 2019. First time when you see this question, it looks a bit difficult. Don’t lose your confidence. I’ll tell you how easy it is. We have to apply the basic organic reactions and named reactions, that’s it!! In this question, set of reactions are given and we are asked to find out the products. Explanation This complete reaction includes: In first step, reaction of alkyne with HgSO4 and dilute H2SO4, the product formed will be a ketone at triple bond. In second step, the aldehyde group present at the end of […]
- [Which is more basic in nature? Benzyl amine or aniline.](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/which-is-more-basic-in-nature-benzyl-amine-or-aniline/): What is base? According to Lewis theory of acids and bases, a base is the one which has the availability of electrons to donate to an acid. Here, we need to find the stronger base among benzyl amine and aniline. A stronger base will be the one whose electrons are easily available for donation. Structure of given compound The structure of aniline and benzyl amine is: Aniline In case of aniline, a lone pair of electrons is present on nitrogen atom (N) and this nitrogen atom is attached to a sp2 hybridised carbon of the benzene ring. The lone pair of electrons […]
- [Stoichiometric Calculation Based Question](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/how-many-moles-of-uf6-would-have-to-be-decomposed-to-provide-enough-fluorine-to-prepare-1-25-mol-of-cf4-assume-sufficient-carbon-is-available/): It is a question based on stoichiometric calculation. How many moles of UF6 would have to be decomposed to provide enough fluorine to prepare 1.25 mol of CF4 ? (Assume sufficient carbon is available)   Solution:   The chemical reaction occurs is: UF6→ U + 3F2  ……….. (1) C + 2F2→ CF4  ……….. (2) From reaction (2), 1 mole CF4 is prepared from 2 mole F2 Then, 1.25 mole CF4  will be prepared from F2 = (2 mol/1 mol)*(1.25 mol) = 2.5 mol Hence, from reaction (2) it is clear that 2.5 mole F2  is required to produce 1.25 mole CF4 From reaction (1) 3 mole F2 is produced from 1 mole UF6 […]
- [How many moles of lead(II) chloride will be formed from a reaction between 6.5 g PbO and 3.2 g HCl?](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/how-many-moles-of-leadii-chloride-will-be-formed-from-a-reaction-between-6-5-g-pbo-and-3-2-g-hcl/): How many moles of lead(II) chloride will be formed from a reaction between 6.5 g PbO and 3.2 g HCl? Solution: The reaction between PbO and HCl is: PbO + 2 HCl → PbCl2+ H2O From the reaction it is clear that 1 mole PbO reacts with 2 mole of HCl. Now, moles of PbO = Given mass / molar mass = 6.5 g/223 g mol-1 = 0.029 mol and moles of HCl = Given mass / molar mass = 3.2 g/36.5 g mol-1 = 0.088 mol 0.029 mol PbO reacts with HCl = 2*0.029 = 0.0058 mol HCl is present in excess, so PbO is limiting reactant. Now, […]
- [Simple Halogenation of alkane](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/what-is-halogenation-of-alkane/): In this post, we will discuss about the halogenation of alkane with a previous year question based on it. What is the halogenation of alkane? A halogenation reaction is a chemical reaction between a substance and a halogen in which one or more halogen atoms are incorporated into molecules of the substance. Halogenation of an alkane produces a hydrocarbon derivative in which one or more halogen atoms have been substituted for hydrogen atoms. Alkanes are famous for their unreactive nature because they are non-polar and lack functional groups at which reactions can take place. Therefore, free radical halogenation provides a method […]
- [What is Dalton's Atomic Theory?](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/daltons-atomic-theory/): In this post, we will discuss about Dalton’s Atomic Theory. Dalton based his theory on two laws: the law of conservation of mass and the law of constant composition. The law of conservation of mass says that matter is not created or destroyed in a closed system. That means if we have a chemical reaction, the amount of each element must be the same in the starting materials and the products. We use the law of conservation of mass every time we balance equations. The law of constant composition says that a pure compound will always have the same proportion of the same elements. For […]
- [Find final concentration of this new solution.](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/radhika-made-a-solution-by-dissolving-40-g-of-salt-in-100-g-of-water-her-friend-saloni-took-50-g-solution-from-the-solution-prepared-by-radhika-and-added-5-g-more-salt-to-it-find-the-final-concentr/): Question: Radhika made a solution by dissolving 40 g of salt in 100 g of water. Her friend, Saloni took 50 g solution from the solution prepared by Radhika and added 5 g more salt to it. Find the final concentration (w/w%) of this new solution. Solution: Mass of solute = 40 g Mass of solvent = 100 g Mass of solution = Mass of (solute + solvent) = 40 g + 100 g = 140 g Now, 140 g solution contain 40 g solute then, 50 g solution will contain solute = (40 g/140 g)*100 = 14.29 g More solute […]
- [Quantum numbers: Bonus Concept with 25 Questions](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/quantum-numbers/): Quantum numbers are fundamental concepts in quantum mechanics that play a crucial role in understanding the behavior of electrons in atoms. For students preparing for competitive exams such as JEE and NEET, a solid grasp of quantum numbers is essential for mastering topics related to atomic structure and electron configurations. In this blog post, we will explore the different types of quantum numbers, their significance, and how they relate to various elements in the periodic table. By solving the Schrödinger equation (HΨ = EΨ), we obtain a set of mathematical equations, called wave functions (Ψ), which describe the probability of finding […]
- [Compound X has the molecular formula C4H10O2.](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/compound-x-has-the-molecular-formula-c4h10o2-x-has-an-unbranched-carbon-chain-and-contains-two-oh-groups-on-reaction-with-an-excess-of-hot-alkaline-potassium-permanganate-x-is-converted-into-a-compo/): Compound X has the molecular formula C4H10O2. X has an unbranched carbon chain and contains two OH groups. On reaction with an excess of hot alkaline potassium permanganate X is converted into a compound of molecular formula C4H6O4.To which two carbon atoms in the chain of X are the two OH groups attached?A. 1st and 2ndB. 1st and 3rdC. 1st and 4thD. 2nd and 3rd   Solution: The compound X, C4H10O2, is: HO-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH   Since the compound get both the hydroxyl groups oxidised to -COOH groups, it indicates that both OH groups are present at both the terminals of carbon chain.   […]
- [Word Problem based question](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/each-of-the-compounds-below-is-treated-separately-with-excess-nabh4-the-product-of-each-reaction-is-then-heated-with-excess-concentrated-h2so4-in-each-case-one-or-more-products-are-formed-with-mole/): This question is word problem of organic chemistry. The question is provided below: Each of the compounds below is treated separately with excess NaBH4. The product of each reaction is then heated with excess concentrated H2SO4. In each case, one or more products are formed with molecular formula C7H10. Which compounds give only one final product with the molecular formula C7H10? Solution:   Compound 2 and 3 give the same product.   Here is the reaction for the above given compounds:   Hence the answer is 2 and 3. Read More: The Most Popular Addition of HOCl to Alkene
- [Law of multiple proportions](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/law-of-multiple-proportions/): Law of multiple proportions states that if two elements form more than one compound, then the ratios of the masses of the second element which combine with a fixed mass of the first element will always be ratios of small whole numbers. This law is sometimes called Dalton’s Law, named after John Dalton, the chemist who first expressed it. 2.66 g chloride of a metal when treated with silver nitrate solution give 2.87 g of silver chloride. 3.37 g of another chloride of the same metal give 5.74 g of silver chloride when treated with silver nitrate solution. Show that the results are in agreement with a law […]
- [Complete Beginner's Guide to Mole Concept](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/mole-concept/): In this post we will discuss about mole concept in detail. Have you seen a ₹ 10 note? Probably yes. How about ₹ 100? Probably yes. Most of us have seen the common denominations of Indian currency ranging from ₹ 10 to ₹ 2000. All of these denominations help in the transaction of money. Similarly, while dealing with chemical reactions, one has to take the help of numerical denominations to specify quantities of matter getting consumed or produced. Atoms being such a small unit, it’s much harder to deal with a number of atoms as a unit of measurement. In order […]
- [Writing Chemical Formula of a Compound: A Basic Guide](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/writing-chemical-formula/): To know the concept of writing chemical formula of chemical compound, you should know the following: Symbols of the combining elements Valency of the combining elements Name, Representation and Valency of ions Name, representation and valency of some common ions are given below: Note: You have to remember the valencies given in the above table. Valency to remember: https://www.youtube.com/shorts/Y7jf_Gt5Hg4?feature=share Writing Formula of Molecular Compounds How is the chemical formula of a molecular compound written? The chemical formula of a molecular compound is written as follows: Step 1: Write the symbols of the constituent elements side by side, in such a way that […]
- [Is Matter Around Us Pure MCQs | Class 9 Chemistry](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/is-matter-around-us-pure-mcqs/): This post contains multiple choice questions of Is Matter around us pure. 1. A sample of matter containing two or more substances is called a __.(a) Mixture    (b) Compound    (c) Colloid    (d) Suspension 2. Homogeneous mixtures are called __. (a) Solute    (b) Solvent    (c) Solution    (d) Colloid 3. Aqueous solutions of low molecular mass solutes are called __ solutions. (a) right    (b) true    (c) colloid    (d) wrong 4. Solution of iodine in alcohol is a __ solution.(a) solid    (b) aqueous    (c) non-aqueous    (d) liquid-liquid 5. Brass is a __ solution. (a) Liquid    (b) Solid  […]
- [Atoms and Molecules: Short Notes](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/atoms-and-molecules/): In this post, we will discuss about atoms and molecules. Law of chemical combination There are, in all, 5 laws of chemical combination. Here, only two of them, which contributed significantly towards the development of chemistry are described. What is the law of conservation of mass? The law of conservation of mass states that, “during a chemical reaction, matter can neither be created nor be destroyed”. In a chemical reaction, total mass of the products formed is equal to total mass of the reactants used. Ex: 12 g carbon reacts with 32 g oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, then the mass […]
- [Types of Substances: Elements and Compounds](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/elements-and-compounds/): Based on the chemical constitution, matter is classified into two kinds: Substances and Mixtures. Substances are further classified into elements and compounds. Elements What is an element? Element is the basic constituent of all matter. An element is the simplest form of matter, which can’t be split into simpler substances by any chemical or physical method. In terms of the atomic theory, an element is composed of atoms of the same kind. There are 118 elements known to us at present out of which 92 are naturally occurring while remaining have been prepared artificially. These elements are widely distributed in the […]
- [All About Physical and Chemical Changes](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/physical-and-chemical-changes/): In this post, we will discuss about physical and chemical changes and their characteristics. What is a Physical change? A physical change may be defined as follows: A change in which only the physical properties of the substance get changed, while its chemical composition remain unchanged, is called a physical change. During a physical change, physical properties such as colour, volume, size, shape, magnetic properties, etc., of the substances may change.  For example, when sugar is added to water it disappears to form its solution. In solution, both water and sugar retain their properties. Sugar can be recovered from its solution […]
- [Solutions, Colloids and Suspensions](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/solutions-colloids-and-suspensions/): In this post we are discussing about solutions, colloids and suspensions for class 9. Solutions A lump of sugar when placed in water disappears and the water becomes sweet. Where is sugar gone? Why does the water taste sweet? The sugar placed in water gets dissolved in it but remain unchanged. This is an example of a solution. Sharbat is a solution of sugar in water. Sea water is another example of a solution.  What is a solution? Solution may be defined as a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances is called a solution.  When a small amount of sodium […]
- [Matter and its Classification](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/matter-and-its-classification/): In this post, we will discuss about matter and its classification. What is matter? Matter is the material of which the universe is composed. Matter may be defined as something that occupies space, have mass and offers resistance to any force applied on it. For ex: Air, Water, Ice, Milk, Oil, Petrol, etc. What are the characteristics of particles of matter? The characteristics of particles of matter are as follows: Classification of matter A complete classification of matter into two fundamental groups was and also is a difficult task. On the basis of chemical composition, the matter exist either as a single […]
- [Is Matter Around Us Pure Quesion and Answer | Class 9 Chemistry](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/is-matter-around-us-pure/): This post contains Question Answer of chapter Is Matter Around Us Pure including NCERT Exercise.  1. What is meant by a substance? Sol: A substance is a kind of matter that cannot be separated into other kinds of matter by any physical process. 2. List the point of difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures. Sol: Homogeneous mixture: (a) Perfectly uniform in its composition. (b) Properties throughout the mixture are the same. Heterogeneous mixtures: (a) Different compositions at different locations in the mixture. (b) Properties are different at different locations in the mixture. 3. Differentiate between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures with examples. […]
- [Matter In Our Surroundings Question and Answer | Class 9 Chemistry](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/qa-of-matter-in-our-surroundings/): This post contains Question Answer of chapter Matter in Our Surroundings including NCERT Exercise. 1. Which of these are matter: Chair, air, love, smell, hate, almonds, thought, cold, cold drink, smell of perfume? Sol: The following are matter: chair, air, almonds, cold drink, smell of perfume. 2. Give reasons for the following observation: The smell of hot sizzling food reaches you several meters away, but to get the smell from cold food you have to go close. Sol: This is because the particles of fragrance move faster at higher temperatures. In other words, the particles of fragrance diffuse faster at higher […]
- [Humidity and its types](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/humidity-and-its-types/): Humidity is the amount of water vapour in the air. The humidity of air is defined as the amount of water vapour which is present in one unit volume of the air. It is measured in the units of gram per cubic meter. What is absolute humidity? The maximum limit of the water vapour which could be present in one cubic meter of air at any temperature.. What is relative humidity? The actual amount of water vapour present in air is usually lower than the absolute humidity of the air at the same temperature. The wetness of the air is generally […]
- [Evaporation and factors affecting it](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/evaporation/): In this post, we will discuss about evaporation and the factor affecting its rate of evaporation. What is Evaporation? Evaporation is generally defined as a process in which a liquid state changes into vapour state. Evaporation is a form of vaporisation that usually occurs on the surface of liquids and involves the change of the liquid particles into the gaseous state. Therefore, this process involves a change in the phase of matter of liquid. The drying of wet clothes is one of the typical example of evaporation. Evaporation is an endothermic process. Endothermic process is the one in which heat is […]
- [All about Latent Heat](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/all-about-latent-heat/): In this post we will discuss about latent heat and its two forms. Let’s start with a question. Why does the temperature remain constant during melting and boiling even when heat is being supplied to a substance continuously? This is so because the heat supplied to the substance is used up in overcoming the intermolecular forces, and therefore, it does not show up as a rise in the temperature. Thus, the heat supplied during melting and boiling remains hidden from the thermometer and is called as latent heat. Depending upon the nature of the process, the types of latent heat are: […]
- [Can gas be liquefied by increasing pressure?](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/can-gas-be-liquefied-by-increasing-pressure/): In this article, you will find the answer of the question “can gas be liquefied by increasing pressure?” Liquefaction of gases is the process by which substances in their gaseous state are converted to the liquid state. Different physical states of matter differ in the space in between their particles. The gaseous state has very large space in between their particles. Liquids have much smaller space in between their molecules.  Therefore, if the interparticle space of a gas is decreased by increasing pressure, it can be changed into its liquid form. But, when the gas is compressed by applying pressure, heat […]
- [Properties of states of matter](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/properties-of-states-of-matter/): There are three states of matter: Solid state Liquid state Gaseous state What are the properties of solids (First states of matter)? Solids possess the following properties: Solids are rigid and incompressible. Because in solids, the constituent particles are closely packed and there is virtually no space between the particles. So, solids cannot be compressed. A sponge can be compressed easily, because it has small pores in it. Air is trapped in these pores. When a sponge is pressed, air is expelled out and it gets compressed. A solid has a definite shape and volume. Because in solids, the constituent particles […]
- [What factors governs the state of matter?](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/what-factors-governs-the-state-of-matter/): What makes the matter to exist in any one of three state of matter? Why should the properties of solids, liquids and gases be different? Before finding a solution for the above mentioned questions, let us recollect that: All matter is made up of very small particles. These particles may be atoms, ions or molecules. The constituent particles in any matter are constantly in motion. Thus, they possess kinetic energy. The kinetic energy of these particles increase with increase in temperature. The particles in any matter attract each other. This force of attraction decreases as the distance between the particles increases. […]
- [Calculate the number of sulphate ions in 100 ml of 0.001 M H2SO4 solution.](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/calculate-the-number-of-sulphate-ions-in-100-ml-of-0-001-m-h2so4-solution/): We are given with,   Molarity = 0.001 M   Volume = 100 ml = 0.1 L   Number of moles of H2SO4 =  Molarity*Volume = 0.001 M*0.1 L = 0.0001 mole   Dissociation of sulphuric acid occurs as: H2SO4 ⟶ 2H+ + SO42-   From the above equation, 1 molecule H2SO4 given 1 SO42- ion   then, 1 mole of H2SO4 contain 1 mole SO42- ion   So, 0.0001 mole H2SO4 contain 0.0001 mole of SO42- ion   Number of sulphate ions in 0.0001 mole H2SO4 = Moles of SO42- ions*Avogadro’s number = 0.0001*6.022*1023 = 6.022*1019 ions   Read More: 30% (w/v) of H2SO4 solution. Calculate % (v/w), if density of […]
- [From 200 mg of CO2, 10^21 molecules are removed. How many moles of CO2 are left?](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/from-200-mg-of-co2-1021-molecules-are-removed-how-many-moles-of-co2-are-left/): Given mass of CO2 = 200 mg = 0.2 g   Molar mass of CO2 = 44 g/mol   Number of moles of 200 mg CO2 = Given mass/Molar mass of CO2 = 0.2 g/44 g mol-1 = 0.00454 mole   Number of molecules of CO2 removed = 1021   Number of moles of CO2 removed = 1021/(6.022*1023) = 0.00166 mole   Number of moles of CO2 left = 0.00454 – 0.00166 = 0.00288 mole   Read More: Calculate the initial rate of reaction.
- [Assertion-Reason based electronic configuration](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/assertion-the-element-having-with-electronic-configuration1s2-2s2-2p6-3s2-and-1s2-2s2-belong-to-the-same-group-reason-both-have-same-number-of-electrons-in-the-valence-shell/): Q. Assertion : The element having with electronic configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 and 1s2 2s2 belong to the same group    Reason: Both have same number of electrons in the valence shell   Solution:    Elements having same number of valence shell are present in same group.   Here, each elements have 2 valence electrons.   So, both lie in the same group, i.e., group 2 (alkaline earth metals)   Hence both assertion and reason are correct and reason is correct explanation of assertion. Read More: Easy Way To Convert Ethanol To Butyne?
- [30% (w/v) of H2SO4 solution. Calculate % (v/w), if density of H2SO4 is 1.05 g/ml and density of solution is 1.5g/ml.](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/30-w-v-of-h2so4-solution-calculate-v-w-if-density-of-h2so4-is-1-05-g-ml-and-density-of-solution-is-1-5g-ml/): 30% w/v H2SO4 means 30 g H2SO4 in 100 ml solution.   Mass of H2SO4 = 30 g Density of H2SO4 = 1.05 g/ml Volume of H2SO4 = Mass/Density = (30 g)/(1.05g/ml) = 28.57 ml   Volume of solution = 100 ml Density of solution = 1.5 g/ml Mass of solution = Volume*Density = (100 ml)*(1.5 g/ml) = 150 g   So,     Hence, %v/w = 19.046 % Read More: The pH at the equivalence point of titration of 10 ml, 0.1 M weak base BOH with 0.1 M HCl is 6. Find the Kb of BOH.
- [Why KMnO4 act as a good oxidizing agent in acidic medium?](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/why-kmno4-act-as-a-good-oxidizing-agent-in-acidic-medium/): In KMnO4, oxidation state of Mn is +7. As the oxidation state of atom increases, the element become more electronegative in nature. Mn gain 5 electron in acidic medium and reduces to +2 oxidation state.   Gain of 5 electron shows that the electronegativity of Mn has increased. Therefore, KMnO4 is a good oxidizing agent.   Note: Change of oxidation state of Mn is as:   Acidic medium: +7 to +2   Basic medium: +7 to +4   Neutral medium: +7 to +6 Read More: Conversion in Organic Chemistry Class 12
- [E° for copper electrode is +0.34 V, how will you calculate its emf value?](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/e-for-copper-electrode/): Question: If E° for copper electrode is +0.34 V, how will you calculate its emf value when the solution in contact with it is 0.1 M in copper ions? How does emf for copper electrode change when concentration of Cu2+ ions in the solution is decreased? Solution: The emf of an electrode when dipped in different concentrated solution is given by by the Nernst equation: n is the number of electrons involved in the equation, i.e., 2 Cu2+ + 2e– → Cu Substituting the given values in the Nernst equation, we get When concentration of Cu2+ ion in solution decreases the […]
- [How can you determine limiting molar conductivity for strong and weak electrolyte?](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/how-can-you-determine-limiting-molar-conductivity-for-strong-and-weak-electrolyte/): Molar conductivity increases with increase in volume and when volume increases the concentration of solution decreases (because no.of ions in the solution decrease) which makes the solution dilute.   On dilution when concentration approaches zero, the molar conductivity is known as limiting molar conductivity.   In case of strong electrolytes the ionisation is easy and much of electricity is produced. So in the case of strong electrolytes molar conductivity increases on dilution.    When we plot a graph between molar conductivity and C/2 we get a straight line, by extrapolating this line we can get the value of limiting molar conductivity. […]
- [Calculate the initial rate of reaction.](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/for-the-reaction-a2bab2-ratekab2-calculate-the-initial-rate-of-reaction/): Solution: Given, [A]=0.1 mol L-1, [B]=0.2 mol L-1, k = 2.0×10-6 mol-2 L2 s-1Rate =k[A][B]2 = (2.0x 10-6 ) x (0.1 mol L-1) x (0.2 mol L-1) 2 = 8.0 x 10-9 mol-2 L2  s-1. The concentration of A is reduced to  (0.1 – 0.06) = 0.04 mol L-1.Now according to the equation 1 mole of A reacts with 2 mole of B.  So, 0.04 mol of A react with B, hence the no. of moles of B reacted will be 2 x 0.04 = 0.08. Now, concentration  of B will be (0.2 – 0.08) = 0.12 mol L-1 i.e., [A]=0.06 mol L-1 and [B] = 0.12 mol L-1 Put the new […]
- [Equal weights of ethane and hydrogen are mixed in an empty vessel at 25 degree celsius. Calculate the fraction of the total pressure exerted by hydrogen.](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/equal-weights-of-ethane-and-hydrogen-are-mixed-in-an-empty-vessel-at-25-degree-celsius-calculate-the-fraction-of-the-total-pressure-exerted-by-hydrogen/): Let x g of each gas is mixed.   Molar mass of ethane = 30 g/mol   Molar mass of hydrogen = 2 g/mol   Mole = Given mass/Molar mass   Moles of ethane = (x/30) mol   Moles of hydrogen = (x/2) mol     So, the fraction of total pressure exerted by hydrogen is 15:16. Read More: What is the pH of the resulting solution?
- [Distinguish b/w ethyl amine and diethyl amine?](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/ethylamine-and-diethylamine/): Amine is a type of compound that is derived from ammonia, i.e., NH3. We can simply say, that amines are derivatives of ammonia. We study about amines in Organic Chemistry, and they are basically classified as functional groups or organic nitrogen compounds that contain a nitrogen atom with a lone pair. Generally, in amines, hydrogen atoms are substituted by an aryl or alkyl group. Amine functional group is represented by: -NH2 group, e.g., CH3NH2 Type of amine It is of three types: Primary amines (-NH2), e.g., CH3NH2 (methylamine) Secondary amines (-NH-), e.g., (CH3)2NH (dimethylamine) Tertiary amines (-N-), e.g.,(CH3)3N (trimethylamine) Test to […]
- [Thermodynamics: A Basic Introduction](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/introduction-to-thermodynamics/): Thermodynamics is the study of flow of heat between system and surrounding. It deals with  energy changes accompanying all types of physical and chemical processes. Thermodynamics  helps to lay down the criteria for predicting feasibility or spontaneity of a process, including a chemical reaction, under a given set of conditions. It also helps to determine the extent to which a process, including a chemical reaction, can proceed before attainment of equilibrium. The laws of thermodynamics can be applied with energy changes of macroscopic systems involving a large number of molecules rather than microscopic systems containing a few molecules. Thermodynamics is based on […]
- [The pH at the equivalence point of titration of 10 ml, 0.1 M weak base BOH with 0.1 M HCl is 6. Find the Kb of BOH.](https://www.cgchemistrysolutions.co.in/the-ph-at-the-equivalence-point-of-titration-of-10-ml-0-1-m-weak-base-boh-with-0-1-m-hcl-is-6-find-the-kb-of-boh/): Q. Solution:

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